Calculated columns
Calculated Column formulas can be used to perform a wide range of operations on data, from simple arithmetic to complex logical and statistical computations. Whether you're rounding numbers, extracting portions of dates, calculating averages, or transforming texts, these formulas provide the versatility to generate the data you need.
Here are some typical use cases for Calculated Column functions:
Data Cleaning and Transformation: Effortlessly clean and reformat data, such as trimming whitespace, changing text casing, or converting date formats.
Statistical Analysis: Perform statistical calculations like averages, variances, or standard deviations to derive insights from numerical data sets.
Logical Operations: Apply logical tests to data to create flags, indicators, or to filter and categorize data based on specific criteria.
Mathematical Operations: Execute a variety of mathematical operations, enabling complex calculations like financial modelling or engineering calculations.
Text and Date Manipulation: Extract or transform portions of text and date fields, which is particularly useful in data preparation for reporting or further analysis.
Note that when a calculated column is applied to generated data, it is processed last. This ensures that all generated data and applied mockers are considered before the calculation occurs, preserving the intended transformations and logic.
Syntax
Calculated Columns are composed of a library of functions and operators used to build formulas and expressions in Syntho. When creating calculated columns in Syntho, you must follow specific syntax rules and best practices. Here are the fundamental syntax rules for Calculated Column expressions when creating calculated columns:
Formula Structure
Formulas are expressions made from:
Functions like
ROUND(...)orDATEADD(...)Column references like
[AMOUNT]Constants like
2,"US", orDATE(2024, 12, 31)Operators like
+,-,*,/,=,<>Mockers like
MOCK_FIRST_NAMEorMOCK_FREE_EMAIL_DOMAIN
Column references
When referring to a column within the same table, you can just use the column name in square brackets: [ColumnName]. Only references to columns within the same tables are supported.
Functions
Calculated Column includes a wide range of functions that can be used in your expressions, such as time intelligence functions (DATE, DATEADD), logical functions (IF, AND, OR), and many more. Functions follow the syntax of FUNCTION_NAME(arguments).
Mock generators
If you would like to add a mocker to a calculated column formula, type "MOCK_" and you will see the names of mockers in the dropdown list. Either choose from the list or add the name of the mocker to the end of "MOCK_", with whitespaces replaced by underscores. Therefore, mockers like "First name female" and "Company Email" should be entered as "MOCK_FIRST_NAME_FEMALE" and "MOCK_COMPANY_EMAIL," respectively. A complete list of mockers can be found in the Mockers section.
When you add a mock generator inside a Calculated Column formula, the settings for that mock generator can be configured in the right-hand screen.
Each mock generator you insert into a formula is automatically given a unique identifier by appending an underscore followed by a number (e.g., MOCK_FIRST_NAME_1). This identifier allows you to reuse the same mock generator value multiple times within the same formula by referring to it via the assigned identifier.
Operators
Calculated Column supports various operators for arithmetic calculations (+, -, *, /), and comparison (<, >, <=, >=, =, <>) operations.
Constants
You can use constants like numbers (123), strings ("text"), and dates (DATE(2020, 12, 31)).
Whitespace and Line Breaks
Whitespace and line breaks do not affect the interpretation of the formula but can make your formulas easier to read.
Comments
Certain sections in a formula can be commented out by encapsulating them with (* and *). These sections will be ignored when processing the formula. This can be useful when you want to add comments to a formula or when are creating larger complex formulas, for which you want to evaluate that certain sections result in the expected output. If you select a formula section and press CTRL + / the selected section will be commented out.
Examples
1) ROUND — round numbers to a fixed number of digits
ROUND — round numbers to a fixed number of digitsUse ROUND when you need consistent decimal precision (for example, currency).
number(number | numeric column): value to round. Example:[AMOUNT].count(integer): number of digits to keep.2keeps two decimals.0rounds to whole numbers.-1rounds to tens,-2to hundreds, etc.
2) IF — return one value when a condition is true, else another
IF — return one value when a condition is true, else anotherUse IF to map rows into labels based on a boolean test.
test(boolean expression): must evaluate toTRUEorFALSE. Example:[COUNTRY] = "US".then_value(any type): returned whentestisTRUE. Example:"domestic".otherwise_value(any type, optional): returned whentestisFALSE. Example:"international". If omitted,IFreturnsFALSE.
3) DATEADD — shift a date forward or backward
DATEADD — shift a date forward or backwardUse DATEADD to create derived dates like “due date” or “follow-up date”.
dates(date/datetime column): base date to shift. Example:[ORDER_DATE].number_of_intervals(integer): how many units to add or subtract. Example:14. Use negative values to subtract.interval(string): unit for the shift. Use"year","quarter","month", or"day".
4) Invoice total (combined) — tax + discount with null-safe inputs
Compute an invoice total that still works when tax rate or discount is missing.
IFNULL([TAX_RATE], 0)falls back to0when[TAX_RATE]isNULL.IFNULL([DISCOUNT], 0)falls back to0when[DISCOUNT]isNULL.ROUND(..., 2)rounds to 2 decimals for currency-like output.
5) Normalized email (combined) — conditional separators + normalization + generated domain
Build a stable email-like value from name columns, even with missing parts.
IFNULL(..., "")preventsNULLfrom nulling the entire result.IF(ISNULL([LASTNAME]), "", ".")only inserts.when a last name exists.TRIM(...)removes leading and trailing whitespace.LOWER(...)standardizes casing.SUBSTITUTE(..., " ", "")removes remaining spaces (for double names).
If you want one generated value reused multiple times inside a single formula, insert a mocker once and reuse the auto-suffixed name (for example: MOCK_FREE_EMAIL_DOMAIN_1).
Examples use existing columns and mockers. Results depend on each input row.
Limitations & considerations
Column names that begin with an underscore (e.g.,
_MyColumn) will cause “Invalid formula” errors. Rename any columns that start with an underscore so that they begin with a letter or digit instead.You can only reference columns within the same table as the calculated column formula. Referencing columns in other tables is not supported.
Supported data types
Calculated Columns
Categorical, Discrete, Continuous, Date
Supported calculated column functions
ABS
Returns the absolute value of a number.
Syntax
Parameters
number
Any number, column or mock value.
Return value
An absolute value of the number.
Examples
Returns the absolute value of the [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE] column for each row.
Varies by row (e.g., [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE]=-20 → 20).
Returns the absolute value of a literal number.
5
Returns the absolute value of a generated random digit.
Varies by row (e.g., MOCK_RANDOM_DIGIT=7 → 7).
Returns the absolute difference between [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE] and [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES] for each row.
Varies by row (e.g., [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE]=250 and [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES]=100 → 150).
Flags rows where the absolute difference between coverage and expenses exceeds 100.
Either "outlier" or "ok" per row.
AND
The AND function returns TRUE if all provided arguments evaluate to TRUE, and FALSE if any argument evaluates to FALSE.
A common use case for the AND function is enhancing other functions that perform logical tests. For instance, the IF function tests a condition and returns one value if the condition is TRUE and another value if it is FALSE. By using AND as the logical_test argument in the IF function, you can test multiple conditions simultaneously rather than just one.
Syntax
Parameters
Logicalvalue1
The first condition to evaluate, which must result in either TRUE or FALSE.
Logicalvalue2
Additional conditions to evaluate, up to a maximum of 30, each of which must result in either TRUE or FALSE.
Return value
Returns TRUE if all arguments are TRUE.
Examples
Checks if gender is male and healthcare coverage exceeds 100.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Checks three conditions at once: state, minimum coverage, and maximum expenses.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Classifies rows as "adult" when age is between 18 and 64 inclusive.
Either "adult" or "senior_or_minor" per row.
Checks that a row is active and not marked as deleted.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Flags US rows with a missing ZIP code.
Either "missing_us_zip" or "ok" per row.
BASE
Converts a number into its text representation in the specified radix (base).
Syntax
Parameters
number
The number, column or mock value to be converted. It must be an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 2^53.
radix
The base (radix) to convert the number into. It must be an integer between 2 and 36, inclusive.
MinimumLength
The minimum length of the returned string. It must be an integer greater than or equal to 0.
Return value
Converts a positive integer to a specified base into a text from the numbering system.
Examples
Converts the decimal number 5 to base 2 (binary).
101
Converts 5 to base 2 and left-pads with zeros to length 8.
00000101
Converts the decimal number 42 to base 16 (hexadecimal).
2A
Converts the [NUMBER] column to the base specified in [RADIX] for each row.
Varies by row.
Converts a random digit using a random radix. Radix must be between 2 and 36.
Varies by row (or errors if radix is out of range).
Converts [NUMBER] to base 36 and pads the output to length 6.
Varies by row.
Builds an account-like identifier by converting [ACCOUNT_ID] to padded hex and prefixing with acct_.
Varies by row.
CEILING
Rounds a number up, away from zero, to the nearest multiple of a specified significance. The function always rounds a value up, away from zero, regardless of the sign of the number. If the number is an exact multiple of the significance, no rounding is performed. If both the number and significance are negative, the value is rounded down, away from zero. If the number is negative and the significance is positive, the value is rounded up toward zero.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The column, number or mock value to be rounded.
significance
The multiple to which you want to round the number.
Return value
A number rounded up to the nearest multiple of Significance.
Examples
Rounds 3.1 up to the nearest multiple of 1.
4
Rounds -4.5 to the nearest multiple of -2, away from zero.
-6
Rounds -2.5 to the nearest multiple of 2, toward zero.
-2
Rounds 5.5 up to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
5.5
Rounds 0.9345 up to the nearest multiple of 0.001.
0.935
Rounds the absolute amount up to the nearest 0.05.
Varies by row.
Rounds amounts to whole numbers while keeping the original sign.
Varies by row.
CHAR
Returns the character corresponding to a specified number.
Syntax
Parameters
number
A number, column or mock value between 1 and 255 that specifies the character you want, based on the character set used by your computer.
Return value
A number converted into a character according to the current code table.
Examples
Returns the character for code 77 in the current character set (typically ASCII).
"M"
Returns the character for the numeric code in [NUMBERS] for each row.
Varies by row.
Returns the character for a generated random digit code.
Varies by row.
Generates a random uppercase letter by converting a random code between 65 and 90.
Varies per recalculation.
Builds a user id like user_A … user_Z.
Varies per recalculation.
CLEAN
Removes all nonprintable characters from a given text. The CLEAN function is useful for cleaning text imported from other applications that may contain characters not supported by your operating system. For example, it can remove low-level computer code that often appears at the beginning or end of data files and cannot be printed.
Important
The CLEAN function is designed to remove the first 32 nonprinting characters in the 7-bit ASCII code (values 0 through 31). However, in the Unicode character set, there are additional nonprinting characters (values 127, 129, 141, 143, 144, and 157) that the CLEAN function does not remove.
Syntax
Parameters
text
The text, column or mock values from which you want to remove nonprintable characters.
Return value
The text that has been "cleaned" of line breaks and other non-printable characters.
Examples
Removes non-printable characters from the string, leaving only readable text.
"Patient Medications"
Cleans non-printable characters around the [description] column value.
Varies by row.
Cleans non-printable characters around a generated first name.
Varies by row.
Trims whitespace and removes non-printable characters from [DESCRIPTION].
Varies by row.
Joins a generated first and last name and removes any non-printable characters.
Varies by row.
CONCATENATE
The CONCATENATE function joins two or more text strings into a single string.
Syntax
Parameters
text1
The first item to join. This can be a text, column or mock values.
text2, ...text30
Additional text items to join. You can include up to 30 items, with a total character limit of 8,192.
Return value
Several text strings combined into one string.
Examples
Joins state and county into a single string per row.
Varies by row (e.g., "Massachusetts, Bristol County").
Builds a full name using mock generators.
Varies by row.
Joins literal strings into a full name.
"Brittany Jenkins"
Uppercases the state and joins it with the county, separated by -.
Varies by row (e.g., "MASSACHUSETTS-Bristol County").
Builds a lowercase email-like string from name columns plus a generated domain.
Varies by row.
DATE
The DATE function creates a date value by combining individual year, month, and day components. This function is useful for combining separate year, month, and day values into a single date.
Syntax
Parameters
year
A number, column or mock value representing the year.
month
A number, column or mock value column representing the month of the year.
day
A number, column or mock value column representing the day of the month.
Return value
The specified date as the number of full days since nullDate.
Examples
The following examples build date values from literal values, columns, and other functions.
Creates the date for August 24, 2012.
2012-08-24
Creates the same date, but from string inputs.
2012-08-24
Creates a date per row from the [year], [month], and [day] columns.
Varies by row.
Creates January 1st of “current year - 18”.
Varies by run date.
Creates the first day of the current month, using [YEAR] per row.
Varies by row and run date.
DATEADD
Returns a column of dates, shifted forward or backward by the specified number of intervals.
Syntax
Parameters
dates
A column or mocker that contains dates.
number_of_intervals
An integer specifying the number of intervals to add or subtract from the dates.
interval
The interval used to shift the dates. Options include: year, quarter, month, or day.
Return value
A column of date values.
Examples
Shifts [Birthdate] 20 years forward.
Varies by row.
Shifts [Birthdate] 6 months backward.
Varies by row.
Shifts [OrderDate] 14 days forward.
Varies by row.
Parses a text date first, then shifts it 7 days forward.
Varies by row.
Shifts [BIRTHDATE] by 0 or 1 year depending on [IS_LEAP_YEAR].
Varies by row.
DATEVALUE
Description
The DATEVALUE function converts a date stored as text into a date. Note that the results of the DATEVALUE function may vary depending on your computer's system date settings. The DATEVALUE function is useful when you have dates in a text format that you want to filter, sort, format as dates, or use in date calculations.
Syntax
Parameters
date_text
A text column, string or mock representing a date.
Return value
A date that is converted from text to a date in datetime format.
Examples
Converts [BIRTHDATE] stored as text into a date per row.
Varies by row.
Converts a literal date string into a date value (system locale dependent).
A date value.
Converts a literal date string into a date value (system locale dependent).
A date value.
Converts a literal date string into a date value.
2024-06-24
Extracts the year after converting a text date column.
Varies by row.
Converts [START_DATE_TEXT] to a date, then shifts it 30 days forward.
Varies by row.
DAY
The DAY function returns the day of a date represented by a serial number, with the day provided as an integer ranging from 1 to 31.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The date, column or mock date for which you want to find the day. Dates should be entered using the DATE function or as results from other formulas or functions.
Return value
The day of the given date value.
Examples
Returns the day-of-month from a literal date string.
24
Returns the day-of-month for [BIRTHDATE] per row.
Varies by row.
Returns the day-of-month for a constructed date.
24
Returns the day-of-month after shifting [BIRTHDATE] 1 year forward.
Varies by row.
Flags whether [INVOICE_DATE] falls on the first day of a month.
Either "month_start" or "other_day" per row.
DAYS
The DAYS function calculates the number of days between two dates.
Syntax
Parameters
date1
The later of the two dates column between which you want to calculate the number of days.
date2
The earlier of the two dates column between which you want to calculate the number of days.
Return value
The difference between two date values.
Examples
Returns the number of days between two literal dates.
10
Returns days between two date columns per row.
Varies by row.
Returns the days between Jan 1 and Dec 31, 2024.
365
Returns the absolute number of days between two date columns.
Varies by row.
Classifies stays as short (≤ 30 days) or long.
Either "short_stay" or "long_stay" per row.
DATEDIFF
The DateDiff function returns the number of interval units between two dates.
Syntax
Parameters
date1, date2
An integer specifying the number of intervals to add or subtract from the dates.
interval
A string expression that specifies the time interval you want to use to calculate the difference between date1 and date2.
The value can be one of the following:
"second"
"minute"
"hour"
"day"
"week"
"month"
"quarter"
"year"
Return value
The number of units between two dates as defined in the interval.
Examples
Returns the number of days between [EXPIRY_DATE] and [INITIAL_DATE] per row.
Varies by row.
Returns the age in years, based on [BIRTHDATE].
Varies by row and run date.
Returns the number of months between Jan 1 and Feb 1, 2024.
1
Parses two text dates first, then returns the days between them.
Varies by row.
Classifies customers as "new" if they signed up in the last 30 days.
Either "new" or "existing" per row.
DELTA
The DELTA function checks whether two values are equal. It returns 1 if number1 equals number2, and 0 otherwise.
Syntax
Parameters
number_1
The first number, column or mocker.
number_2
The second number, column or mocker. If omitted, column2 is assumed to be zero.
Return value
Returns TRUE (1) if both numbers are equal, otherwise returns FALSE (0).
Examples
Returns 1 when [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE] equals [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES], else 0.
0 or 1 per row.
Checks equality of two literal numbers.
1
Checks whether [COPAY_AMOUNT] equals 0 (second argument defaults to 0).
0 or 1 per row.
Maps rows to "unknown" when [STATUS_CODE] equals 0.
Either "unknown" or "known" per row.
Checks equality after rounding [AMOUNT] and [AMOUNT_APPROVED] to whole numbers.
0 or 1 per row.
EVEN
The EVEN function rounds a number up to the nearest even integer. The function always rounds a value up and away from zero, regardless of its sign. If the number column is already an even integer, no rounding occurs.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The number, column or mocker to be rounded up to the nearest even integer.
Return value
A positive number rounded up to the next even integer and a negative number rounded down to the next even integer.
Examples
Rounds [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE] up (away from zero) to the nearest even integer per row.
Varies by row.
Rounds 3.2 up to the next even integer.
4
Rounds -3.2 down (away from zero) to the next even integer.
-4
Rounds [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE] to a whole number first, then to the nearest even integer.
Varies by row.
Makes odd [SEAT_NUMBER] values even by adding 1; leaves even values unchanged.
Varies by row.
FALSE
Returns the logical value FALSE.
Syntax
Return value
The logical value FALSE.
Examples
Returns the logical value FALSE.
FALSE
Returns TRUE when [IS_ACTIVE] equals 1; otherwise returns FALSE.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Demonstrates that a constant FALSE() condition always returns the otherwise value.
"always"
Shows that AND returns FALSE when any argument is FALSE.
FALSE
Always returns the otherwise branch, so it generates last names.
Varies by row.
FLOOR
The FLOOR function rounds a number down toward zero to the nearest multiple of a specified significance. When the number is positive, it is rounded down and adjusted toward zero. When the number is negative, it is rounded down and adjusted away from zero. If the number is already an exact multiple of the significance, no rounding occurs.
If either argument is nonnumeric, the function returns an error message.
If the
numberis positive and thesignificanceis negative, the function returns an error message.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The numeric number, column or mocker you want to round down.
significance
The multiple to which you want to round the number.
Return value
Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of Significance.
Examples
The following formulas round numbers down to the nearest multiple of Significance.
Rounds 7.7 down to the nearest multiple of 3.
6
Rounds -3.4 down to the nearest multiple of -3.
-3
Rounds 1.453 down to the nearest multiple of 0.01.
1.45
Rounds [AMOUNT] down to the nearest whole number per row.
Varies by row.
Rounds the absolute amount down to the nearest multiple of 0.5.
Varies by row.
HEX2DEC
The HEX2DEC function converts a hexadecimal number to its decimal equivalent. If the input is not a valid hexadecimal number, the function returns an error.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The hexadecimal number, column or mocker column to convert. The number can have up to 10 characters (40 bits). The most significant bit represents the sign, and the remaining 39 bits represent the magnitude. Negative numbers are represented using two's-complement notation.
Return value
The decimal number for the hexadecimal number entered.
Examples
Converts a literal hex string to its decimal value.
13283335
Converts "FF" (hex) to decimal.
255
Converts the hex value in [HEX_VALUE] to decimal per row.
Varies by row.
Uppercases [HEX_VALUE] first, then converts to decimal.
Varies by row.
Extracts the last 6 hex characters from [HEX_PAYLOAD], then converts to decimal.
Varies by row.
HOUR
The HOUR function returns the hour component of a time value as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23 (11:00 P.M.). Time values are part of a date value and are represented as decimal numbers (e.g., 12:00 PM is represented as 0.5 because it is half of a day).
Syntax
Parameters
time
The time number, column or mocker from which you want to extract the hour. This can be entered as a text string within quotation marks (e.g., "6:45 PM"), as a decimal number (e.g., 0.78125 representing 6:45 PM), or as the result of other formulas or functions (e.g., TIMEVALUE("6:45 PM")).
Return value
Hour component of given time.
Examples
Extracts the hour from a literal datetime string.
7
Extracts the hour from the [START] datetime column per row.
Varies by row.
Extracts the hour from a literal time string.
18
Classifies rows based on whether [START] occurs at 09:00 or later.
Either "business_hours" or "off_hours" per row.
Adds one day to [START] and extracts the hour (same hour, shifted date).
Varies by row.
IF
The IF function performs a logical test and returns one value if the test evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE. This function is commonly used to create conditional formulas.
Syntax
Parameters
test
The condition you want to test. This can be any expression that returns either TRUE or FALSE.
then value
The column or mock value that is returned if the logical_test evaluates to TRUE.
otherwisevalue
The column or mock value that is returned if the logical_test evaluates to FALSE. If omitted, the function returns FALSE by default.
Return value
A logical test result.
Examples
Generates a female first name for MA rows with coverage over 30; otherwise generates a male first name.
Varies by row.
Returns [HEALTHCARE_COVERAGE] when it’s positive; otherwise returns FALSE (default otherwise).
Either a number or FALSE per row.
Maps the sentinel ZIP value "0000XX" to "unknown", otherwise "known".
Either "unknown" or "known" per row.
Classifies rows as "adult" when age is 18+; otherwise "minor".
Either "adult" or "minor" per row.
Builds a full name, optionally inserting [MIDDLE_NAME] when present.
Varies by row.
IFS
The IFS function checks multiple conditions and returns a value corresponding to the first condition that evaluates to TRUE. This function simplifies the use of multiple nested IF statements, making it easier to read and manage multiple conditions.
To specify a default result, enter TRUE as the final condition argument. If none of the other conditions are met, the corresponding value will be returned. For example, if all other conditions fail, a default value can be returned by using TRUE as the final condition. If a condition argument is provided without a corresponding value, the function will return an error message. If a condition argument evaluates to something other than TRUE or FALSE, the function returns an error. If none of the conditions evaluate to TRUE, the function returns an error.
Syntax
Parameters
condition1
The condition that is evaluated to determine if it is TRUE or FALSE.
number1
The column or mock value returned if condition1 evaluates to TRUE. This can be left empty.
condition2…condition_N
Additional conditions that are evaluated to determine if they are TRUE or FALSE.
number2 …number_N
Th column or mock value returned if the corresponding conditionN evaluates to TRUE. Each valueN is associated with its corresponding conditionN. These can also be left empty.
Return value
A value that corresponds to the first true condition.
Examples
Generates a mock female name for "F" and a mock male name for "M".
Varies by row (or errors if no condition matches).
Maps states to abbreviations, with "OTHER" as a default.
"MA", "CA", or "OTHER" per row.
Assigns a grade based on score thresholds.
"A", "B", "C", or "D" per row.
Classifies US/non-US rows and whether a US row has a state value.
"US_WITH_STATE", "US_MISSING_STATE", or "NON_US" per row.
Validates phone numbers by trimmed length, with a default "valid".
"invalid" or "valid" per row.
IFNULL
Returns replacement_value when value is NULL; otherwise returns value.
Syntax
Parameters
value
The value, column or generator you want to check for NULL.
replacement
The value, column or generator to replace a NULL value with.
Return value
Returns the specified replacement value if the observed value is NULL.
Examples
Replaces missing ZIP codes with "0000XX".
[ZIP] or "0000XX" per row.
Replaces a missing middle name with an empty string.
[MIDDLE_NAME] or "" per row.
Replaces a missing generated postcode value with a fallback.
Varies by row.
Trims [CITY], then replaces a missing value with "Unknown".
[CITY] (trimmed) or "Unknown" per row.
Uses ISNULL and IFNULL together to guarantee a ZIP fallback.
[ZIP] or "0000XX" per row.
ISNULL
The ISNULL function checks whether a value is NULL and returns TRUE if the cell is NULL. If the value contains any data, including a formula that returns an empty string (""), ISNULL returns FALSE.
Syntax
Parameters
value
The value, column or mocker you want to check for NULL.
Return value
TRUE if the value is NULL; FALSE if it contains any data.
Examples
Checks whether [ZIP] is NULL.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Checks whether [MIDDLE_NAME] is NULL.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Maps missing ZIP codes to "missing", otherwise "present".
Either "missing" or "present" per row.
Returns TRUE when [EMAIL] is present (not NULL).
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Checks whether both phone fields are NULL.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
ISODD
The ISODD function checks whether a number is odd. It returns 1 if the number is odd, and 0 if the number is even. This function is useful for determining the parity of a number within a table. If the number is nonnumeric, ISODD returns an error.
Syntax
Parameters
value
The value or column to test. If the number is not an integer, it is truncated.
Return value
0 if the value is an even integer; 1 if the value is odd.
Examples
Checks whether [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES] is odd.
0 or 1 per row.
Checks whether the literal number 7 is odd.
1
Adds 1 to the expenses value, then checks if the result is odd.
0 or 1 per row.
Labels invoice ids by parity.
Either "odd_id" or "even_id" per row.
Converts minutes to whole hours and checks if the hour count is odd.
0 or 1 per row.
LEFT
The LEFT function returns a specified number of characters from the left side of a string. To determine the number of characters in a string, use the LEN function.
Syntax
Parameters
"text"
The string, column or mocker from which the leftmost characters are returned. If the string contains Null, the function returns Null.
number
A numeric expression or column indicating how many characters to return. If 0, a zero-length string ("") is returned. If the length is greater than or equal to the number of characters in the string, the entire string is returned.
Return value
The input text capped by a specified character length.
Examples
Returns a random-length left substring from [STATE] per row.
Varies by row.
Returns the first 4 characters of a literal string.
"Mass"
Returns the first 0 characters, which is an empty string.
""
Trims [STATE] first, then returns the first 2 characters.
Varies by row (e.g., "Ma").
Builds "City, State" then returns the first 12 characters.
Varies by row.
LEN
The LEN function returns a Long value representing the number of characters in a string or the number of bytes required to store a variable.
Syntax
Parameters
"text"
Any valid string expression, column or mocker.
Return value
Length of a given text.
Examples
Returns the number of characters in [BIRTHPLACE] per row.
Varies by row.
Returns the number of characters in a literal string.
6
Builds "City, State" then returns the character count.
Varies by row.
Trims whitespace from [ADDRESS] then returns the character count.
Varies by row.
Validates phone numbers based on their length.
Either "invalid" or "valid" per row.
LN
The LN function returns the natural logarithm of a specified number. Natural logarithms are based on the mathematical constant e (approximately 2.71828182845904). The LN function is the inverse of the EXP function.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The positive real number, column or mocker for which you want to calculate the natural logarithm.
Return value
The natural logarithm of the number.
Examples
Returns the natural log of [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES] per row.
Varies by row (and errors for non-positive values).
Returns the natural log of a literal number.
~2.3026
Adds 1 to avoid LN(0) for zero values, then logs the result.
Varies by row.
Takes the absolute value first, then computes the natural log.
Varies by row (and errors when the absolute value is 0).
Computes LN only for positive values; otherwise returns 0.
Either 0 or a log value per row.
LOG
The LOG function returns the logarithm of a specified number to a base that you define.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The positive real number, column or mocker for which you want to calculate the logarithm.
base
The base of the logarithm. If omitted, the base is assumed to be 10.
Return value
The logarithm of a number to the specified base.
Examples
Returns the base-2 log of [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES] per row.
Varies by row (and errors for non-positive values).
Returns the base-10 log of 100 (default base).
2
Returns the log using a per-row base from [LOG_BASE].
Varies by row.
Returns the base-10 log of [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES] per row.
Varies by row.
Computes base-2 log and rounds it to 3 decimals.
Varies by row.
LOG10
The LOG10 function returns the base-10 logarithm of a specified number.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The positive real number, column or mocker for which you want to calculate the base-10 logarithm.
Return value
The base-10 logarithm of a number.
Examples
Returns the base-10 log of [HEALTHCARE_EXPENSES] per row.
Varies by row (and errors for non-positive values).
Returns the base-10 log of 1000.
3
Adds 1 first, then computes the base-10 log.
Varies by row.
Computes LOG10 only for positive values; otherwise returns 0.
Either 0 or a log value per row.
Computes base-10 log and rounds it to 2 decimals.
Varies by row.
LOWER
The LOWER function converts all uppercase letters in a text string to lowercase.
Syntax
Parameters
"text"
The text, column or mocker you want to convert to lowercase. The LOWER function does not alter characters in the text that are not letters.
Return value
Text converted to lowercase.
Examples
Converts [ADDRESS] to lowercase per row.
Varies by row.
Builds "First.Last" then lowercases it.
Varies by row.
Trims whitespace from [EMAIL], then lowercases it.
Varies by row.
Builds a lowercase email-like string using name columns plus a generated domain.
Varies by row.
MINUTE
The MINUTE function returns the minute component of a time value as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59. Time values are a portion of a date value and are represented as a decimal number (e.g., 12:00 PM is represented as 0.5 since it is half of a day).
Syntax
Parameters
time
The time, column or mocker from which you want to extract the minute. This can be entered as a text string (e.g., "4:30 PM"), as a decimal number (e.g., 0.78125 representing 6:45 PM), or as the result of other formulas or functions.
Return value
Minute component of given time.
Examples
Extracts the minute component from a literal time string.
30
Extracts the minute component from the [START] time/datetime per row.
Varies by row.
Extracts the minute component from a literal datetime string.
5
Flags whether [START] happens exactly on the hour.
Either "on_the_hour" or "off_cycle" per row.
Converts a time to minutes since midnight.
Varies by row.
MOD
Calculates the remainder of a division and always ensures it matches the sign of the divisor for consistency.
If the divisor is 0,
MODreturns the#DIV/0!error value.The
MODfunction can be expressed using theINTfunction as follows: &#xNAN;MOD(n, d) = n - d*INT(n/d)
Syntax
Parameters
dividend
The number, column or mocker for which you want to find the remainder.
divisor
The number, column or mocker by which you want to divide the number.
Return value
The remainder when one integer is divided by another.
Examples
The following formula returns the remainders when integers with different signs is divided by integers with different signs.
Returns the remainder of 5 / 2.
1
Returns the remainder of -5 / 2 (same sign as the divisor).
1
Returns the remainder of 5 / -2 (same sign as the divisor).
-1
Returns the remainder of -5 / -2 (same sign as the divisor).
-1
Returns the last digit (mod 10) of [INVOICE_ID] per row.
Varies by row.
Classifies invoice ids as even or odd using a mod 2 check.
Either "even" or "odd" per row.
MONTH
The MONTH function returns the month of a date represented by a serial number. The month is provided as an integer ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).
Values returned by the YEAR, MONTH, and DAY functions are based on the Gregorian calendar, regardless of the display format of the provided date.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The date, column or mocker from which you want to extract the month. Dates should be entered using the DATE function or as results from other formulas or functions (e.g., DATE(2008, 5, 23) for May 23, 2008). Entering dates as text can cause issues.
Return value
The month for the given date value.
Examples
Returns the month number from [BIRTHDATE] per row.
Varies by row (1–12).
Returns the month number from a constructed date.
12
Returns the month number from a literal date string.
8 (locale dependent).
Adds 6 months to [BIRTHDATE] then extracts the month.
Varies by row.
Flags December orders as holiday season.
Either "holiday_season" or "regular" per row.
NOT
The NOT function reverses the logical value of its argument. If the argument is TRUE, NOT returns FALSE, and if the argument is FALSE, NOT returns TRUE. One common use of the NOT function is to enhance the functionality of other logical functions, such as IF. By using NOT within the logical test of an IF function, you can test multiple conditions and control the flow of logic based on reversed outcomes.
Syntax
Parameters
Logicalvalue
A column or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE.
Return value
Complements (inverts) a logical value.
Examples
Generates a female name when gender is not "M" and expenses are not < 100; otherwise generates a male name.
Varies by row.
Inverts the active flag check.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Returns "valid" unless [ZIP] equals the sentinel value "0000XX".
Either "valid" or "fallback" per row.
Returns TRUE when [ZIP] is present (not NULL).
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Validates US ZIPs: must be length 5 when country is "US".
Either "invalid_zip" or "ok" per row.
ODD
The ODD function rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.
If the
numberis nonnumeric, the function returns an error.The function always rounds a value up and away from zero, regardless of its sign. If the
numberis already an odd integer, no rounding occurs.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The number, column or mocker to be rounded up to the nearest odd integer.
Return value
A positive number rounded up to the nearest odd integer and a negative number rounded down to the nearest odd integer.
Examples
The following formulas return positive numbers rounded up to the nearest odd integers and negative numbers rounded down to the nearest odd integers.
Rounds 3.4 up to the nearest odd integer.
5
Rounds 3 up to the nearest odd integer.
3
Rounds 6 up to the nearest odd integer.
7
Rounds -3 up to the nearest odd integer.
-3
Rounds -4 up (away from 0) to the nearest odd integer.
-5
OR
The OR function returns TRUE if any of its arguments evaluate to TRUE, and returns FALSE if all arguments evaluate to FALSE.
The arguments must evaluate to logical values, such as
TRUEorFALSE, or be arrays that contain logical values.If an array or range argument contains text or empty values, those are ignored.
If no logical values are found in the specified range,
ORreturns an error.You can use an
ORarray formula to check if a value occurs within an array.
Syntax
Parameters
Logicalvalue1
The first condition to test, which can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE.
Logicalvalue2 ...Logicalvalue30
Additional conditions to test, up to a maximum of 30 conditions, each of which can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE.
Return value
TRUE if at least one argument is TRUE.
Examples
Returns TRUE when coverage is < 100 or expenses are > 250.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Checks whether gender is one of "F", "M", or "X".
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Labels rows as "US" when state is MA or CA.
Either "US" or "non-US" per row.
Returns TRUE when either email or phone is missing.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Classifies countries into North America vs other.
Either "NA" or "OTHER" per row.
PI
The PI function returns the mathematical constant pi (π), accurate to 15 digits, which is approximately 3.14159265358979.
Syntax
Parameters
The PI function does not require any arguments. It simply returns the value of π.
Return value
Returns 3.14159265358979, the value of the mathematical constant PI to 14 decimal places.
Examples
Computes the area of a circle with radius 5 (πr²).
~78.5398
Computes the circumference of a circle with radius 5 (2πr).
~31.4159
Computes πr² using [RADIUS] per row.
Varies by row.
Rounds π to 4 decimals.
3.1416
Converts degrees to radians factor (π/180), rounded.
0.01745329
POWER
The POWER function returns the result of a base number raised to a specified power. You can also use the ^ operator as an alternative to the POWER function, such as 4^3, to indicate that the base number (4) is raised to the power of 3.
Syntax
Parameters
base
The base number, column or mocker, which can be any real number.
exponent
The exponent number, column or mocker to which the base number is raised.
Return value
A number raised to another number.
Examples
Raises 1.1 to the power of 3.
1.331
Raises [AMOUNT] to [EXPONENT] per row.
Varies by row.
Raises 4 to the power of 3 using the ^ operator.
64
Computes the Euclidean norm (√(x² + y²)) per row.
Varies by row.
Computes compound growth then rounds to 6 decimals.
Varies by row.
PROPER
The PROPER function capitalizes the first letter of each word in a text string and any other letters that follow a non-letter character. It converts all other letters to lowercase.
Syntax
Parameters
"text"
The text, column or mocker you want to format. This can be a text string enclosed in quotation marks, a formula that returns text, or a reference to a value containing the text you want to capitalize.
Return value
Capitalized words or texts.
Examples
Capitalizes the first letter of each word and lowercases the rest.
"5-Star 99hotels Amsterdam"
Applies proper casing to [ADDRESS] per row.
Varies by row.
Applies proper casing to a generated address.
Varies by row.
Trims whitespace first, then applies proper casing.
Varies by row.
Lowercases [FULL_NAME] first, then applies proper casing.
Varies by row.
PV
The PV function returns the present value of an annuity based on periodic, fixed payments to be made in the future and a fixed interest rate. The present value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now.
An annuity is a series of fixed payments made over time, such as a mortgage or a savings plan.
The
rateandnperarguments must be based on the same units of time. For example, ifrateis calculated using months,npershould also be calculated using months.In financial functions, cash outflows (such as deposits or payments) are represented by negative numbers, while cash inflows (such as dividends) are represented by positive numbers.
Syntax
Parameters
Rate
The interest rate per period. For example, if you have a car loan with an annual percentage rate (APR) of 10% and make monthly payments, the rate per period is 0.1/12, or 0.0083.
Nper
The total number of payment periods in the annuity. For example, a two-year car loan with monthly payments has 2 * 12 = 24 payment periods.
Pmt
The payment made each period, which typically includes both principal and interest and remains constant over the life of the annuity.
Fv
The future value or cash balance you want after the final payment. For example, the future value of a loan is $0 after the final payment. If omitted, 0 is assumed.
Type
Specifies when payments are due—0 for payments at the end of the period, or 1 for payments at the beginning. If omitted, 0 is assumed.
Return value
The present value of an investment.
Examples
Calculates the present value of a 4-year loan at 6% APR with monthly payments.
~10687
Calculates present value from per-row rate/period/payment inputs.
Varies by row.
Same as above, with explicit FV=0 and end-of-period payments (Type=0).
~10687
Computes present value with a future value of 1000 and beginning-of-period payments.
~11778
Computes present value with beginning-of-period payments (Type=1).
~10740
Rounds the computed present value to 2 decimals.
Varies by row.
QUARTER
The QUARTER function returns the quarter of the year for a given date, represented as a number from 1 to 4, where:
1 corresponds to January – March,
2 corresponds to April – June,
3 corresponds to July – September,
4 corresponds to October – December.
Syntax
Parameters
date
The date, column or mocker for which you want to determine the quarter.
Return value
An integer from 1 to 4, representing the quarter of the year.
Examples
Returns the quarter for Aug 24, 2012.
3
Returns the quarter for [BIRTHDATE] per row.
Varies by row (1–4).
Parses the date first, then returns its quarter.
2
Adds 3 months to [BIRTHDATE] then returns the quarter.
Varies by row.
Flags Q4 orders as peak season.
Either "peak" or "normal" per row.
QUOTIENT
The QUOTIENT function returns the integer portion of a division, discarding the remainder. This function is useful when you only need the whole number result of a division.
Syntax
Parameters
dividend
The dividend column, mocker or the number to be divided.
divisor
The divisor column, mocker or the number by which the numerator is divided.
Return value
Integer part of a division.
Examples
Returns the integer part of the division.
-2
Computes revenue per sale and returns the integer portion.
Varies by row.
Returns the integer part of 17/3.
5
Converts seconds to whole minutes per row.
Varies by row.
Flags orders of at least 1000 as high value.
Either "high_value" or "standard" per row.
RAND
The RAND function returns a random real number that is evenly distributed between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive). Each time the worksheet recalculates, a new random number is generated.
Syntax
Parameters
The RAND function does not require any arguments. To generate a random real number between two specified values a and b, use the following formula:
Return value
A random number between 0 and 1.
Examples
Generates a random number in the range [3, 5).
Random number per recalculation.
Generates a random number in the range [0, 1).
Random number per recalculation.
Scales a random number to the range [0, 100).
Random number per recalculation.
Rounds a random number to 3 decimals.
Random number per recalculation.
Returns "rare" about 5% of the time.
Either "rare" or "common" per recalculation.
RANDBETWEEN
The RANDBETWEEN function returns a random integer between the specified lower and upper bounds. Each time the worksheet recalculates, a new random integer is generated.
Syntax
Parameters
lowerbound
The smallest integer, column or mocker that can be returned by the function.
upperbound
The largest integer, column or mocker that can be returned by the function.
Return value
A random integer between two numbers.
Examples
Returns a random integer between 3 and 5 (inclusive).
3, 4, or 5 per recalculation.
Returns a random integer between -10 and 10 (inclusive).
An integer in [-10, 10] per recalculation.
Returns a random integer between the per-row bounds.
Varies by row and recalculation.
Returns a random date within ±30 days of today.
Varies by run date and recalculation.
Generates a random digit character (0–9).
A character "0"…"9" per recalculation.
REPLACE
The REPLACE function replaces part of a text string with a different text string, based on the number of characters you specify.
Syntax
Parameters
old_text
The original text, column or mocker in which you want to replace some characters.
start_num
The position of the character in old_text that you want to start replacing with new_text.
num_chars
The number of characters in old_text that you want REPLACE to replace with new_text.
new_text
The text, column or mocker that will replace the specified characters or bytes in old_text.
Return value
Part of a string with a new string.
Examples
Replaces 7 characters starting at position 6 with "Moon".
"Hello Moon!"
Replaces 7 characters in [PASSPORT] starting at position 6.
Varies by row.
Overwrites the first two characters of [PASSPORT] with "NL".
Varies by row.
Uppercases [COUNTRY_CODE] then replaces the first two characters with "NL".
Varies by row.
Replaces the last 2 characters of [PASSPORT] with "XX".
Varies by row.
RIGHT
The RIGHT function returns a specified number of characters from the right side of a string.
Syntax
Parameters
"text"
The text, column or mocker from which the rightmost characters are returned. If the string contains Null, the function returns Null.
number
A numeric expression indicating how many characters to return. If 0, a zero-length string ("") is returned. If the length is greater than or equal to the number of characters in the string, the entire string is returned.
Return value
The input text starting from a specified character index.
Examples
Returns the last 6 characters of a literal string.
"Earth!"
Returns a random-length suffix of [STATE] per row.
Varies by row.
Returns the last 4 characters of a literal string.
"etts"
Left-pads ZIP with zeros then returns the last 5 characters.
Varies by row (e.g., "02134").
Returns the last 4 characters of a phone number per row.
Varies by row.
ROUND
The ROUND function rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
If
Countis greater than 0, theNumberis rounded to the specified number of decimal places.If
Countis 0, theNumberis rounded to the nearest integer.If
Countis less than 0, theNumberis rounded to the left of the decimal point.To always round up (away from zero), use the
ROUNDUPfunction.To always round down (toward zero), use the
ROUNDDOWNfunction.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The number, column or mocker you want to round.
count
The number of digits to which you want to round the number.
Return value
A number that is rounded to a certain number of decimal places.
Examples
The following formulas round the numbers to various decimal places.
Rounds 3.25 to one decimal place
3.2
Rounds 5.149 to one decimal place
5.1
Rounds -6.745 to two decimal places
-6.75
Rounds 23.9 to one decimal place to the left of the decimal point
20
Rounds 575.9 to the nearest multiple of 1000
1000
Rounds 2.33 to the nearest multiple of 10
0
Rounds -51.52 to the nearest multiple of 100
-100
ROUNDDOWN
The ROUNDDOWN function rounds a number down, toward zero.
ROUNDDOWNbehaves similarly toROUND, except that it always rounds a number down.If
Countis greater than 0, thenumberis rounded down to the specified number of decimal places.If
Countis 0, thenumberis rounded down to the nearest integer.If
Countis less than 0, thenumberis rounded down to the left of the decimal point.
Syntax
Parameters
number
Any real number, column or mocker that you want to round down.
count
The number of digits to which you want to round the number.
Return value
A number rounded down, toward zero, to a certain precision.
Examples
The following formulas round down the numbers to various decimal places.
Rounds 5.3 down to zero decimal place
5
Rounds 66.8 down to zero decimal places
66
Rounds 1.24279 down to three decimal places
1.242
Rounds -1.24279 down to one decimal places
-1.2
Rounds 12427.98637 down to 2 decimal places to the left of the decimal point.
12400
ROUNDUP
The ROUNDUP function rounds a number up, away from 0 (zero).
ROUNDUPbehaves similarly toROUND, except that it always rounds a number up.If
Countis greater than 0, theNumberis rounded up to the specified number of decimal places.If
Countis 0, theNumberis rounded up to the nearest integer.If
Countis less than 0, theNumberis rounded up to the left of the decimal point.
Syntax
Parameters
number
Any real number, column or mocker that you want rounded up.
count
The number of digits to which you want to round the number.
Return value
A number rounded up, away from zero, to a certain precision.
Examples
The following formulas round up the numbers to various decimal places.
Rounds 5.3 up to zero decimal place
6
Rounds 66.8 up to zero decimal place
67
Rounds 1.24279 up to three decimal places
1.243
Rounds -1.24279 up to one decimal places
-1.3
Rounds 12427.98637 up to 2 decimal places to the left of the decimal point.
12500
SECOND
The SECOND function returns the seconds component of a time value, as an integer ranging from 0 to 59.
Syntax
Parameters
time
The time, column or mocker values from which you want to extract the seconds. This can be entered as a text string (e.g., "6:45 PM"), as a decimal number (e.g., 0.78125 representing 6:45 PM), or as the result of other formulas or functions (e.g., TIMEVALUE("6:45 PM")).
Return value
Second component of given time.
Examples
Extracts the seconds component from a literal time string.
55
Extracts the seconds component from [START_TIME] per row.
Varies by row (0–59).
Extracts the seconds component from a literal datetime string.
5
Flags whether the time is exactly on a minute boundary.
Either "exact_minute" or "has_seconds" per row.
Converts the seconds within the hour (minute*60 + second).
Varies by row (0–3599).
SQRT
The SQRT function returns the positive square root of a given number.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The number, column or mocker for which you want to find the square root. If the number is negative, SQRT returns an error value.
Return value
The positive square root of a number.
Examples
Returns the square root of a literal number.
7
Returns the square root of [PAYER_COVERAGE] per row.
Varies by row (and errors for negative values).
Squares the value then takes the square root (returns absolute value for non-negative inputs).
Varies by row.
Computes the square root then rounds to 2 decimals.
Varies by row.
Guards against negative inputs by returning 0 instead.
Either 0 or a square-root value per row.
SUBSTITUTE
The SUBSTITUTE function replaces specific text within a text string with new text. Use SUBSTITUTE when you want to replace specific occurrences of text in a string; use REPLACE when you want to replace text based on its position in the string.
Syntax
Parameters
text
The text string, column or mocker containing the text where you want to substitute characters.
old_text
The text you want to replace.
new_text
The text that will replace Old_text
occurrence
Specifies which occurrence of Old_text you want to replace with New_text. If you provide Occurrence, only that specific instance of Old_text is replaced. If omitted, all occurrences of Old_text in the text are replaced with New_text.
Return value
String where occurrences of Old_text are replaced by New_text. It replaces only specific occurrence if last parameter is provided.
Examples
Replaces the 3rd occurrence of "2" with "3".
"April 2, 2013"
Replaces the first "X" in [PASSPORT] with "S" per row.
Varies by row.
Replaces all dots with underscores.
"john_doe@example_com"
Lowercases [EMAIL] then removes all spaces.
Varies by row.
Replaces line breaks with spaces.
Varies by row.
SWITCH
The SWITCH function evaluates one value (referred to as the expression) against a list of values and returns the result corresponding to the first matching value. If no match is found, an optional default value may be returned.
Syntax
Parameters
expression1
The value (such as a number, date, text or column) that will be compared against value_1 through value_N.
value1, value2, ... value_N
The columns to be compared against Expression1 through expression_n.
result1…result_n
The values to be returned when the corresponding value1 through value_N arguments match result1 through result_n. Each result_n must be provided for each corresponding value_N argument.
default
The column to return if no matches are found in the value_N expressions. The Default argument is identified by having no corresponding result_n expression. It must be the final argument in the function.
Return value
A list of arguments, consisting of an expression followed by a value.
Examples
Maps the expression 3 to the matching value.
"Horse"
Maps numeric status codes to labels, with "Unknown" as default.
Varies by row.
Maps gender codes to normalized values.
Either "female", "male", or "other" per row.
Implements a tiered grade mapping using TRUE() as the expression.
"A", "B", "C", or "D" per row.
Maps country prefixes to full names.
Either "United States", "Netherlands", or "Other" per row.
TODAY
The TODAY function returns the current date.
Syntax
Parameters
The TODAY function has no arguments.
Return value
An integer representing the current date as the number of full days since nullDate.
Examples
Approximates age in years for a person born in 1998 (based on the current year).
Varies by run date.
Returns the current date.
Varies by run date.
Computes age in full years based on [BIRTHDATE].
Varies by row and run date.
Returns the date 30 days from today.
Varies by run date.
Labels whether today is after Jan 1, 2025.
Either "after_2025" or "before_2025" (run date dependent).
TRIM
The The TRIM function removes all unnecessary whitespace from a text string, ensuring cleaner and standardized text formatting. It is commonly used to clean imported or user-entered data that may contain irregular spacing.
Syntax
Parameters
"text"
The text, column or mocker from which you want to remove extra spaces.
Removes all leading and trailing spaces around a text string.
Return value
A cleaned text string with:
No leading or trailing whitespace.
Examples
Removes leading and trailing spaces from a literal string.
"Senatus Populusque Romanus"
Removes leading and trailing spaces from [ADDRESS] per row.
Varies by row (e.g., " 123 Main St " → "123 Main St").
Trims whitespace from a generated address.
Varies by row.
Concatenates first and last name and trims the result.
Varies by row.
Trims [EMAIL] first, then lowercases it.
Varies by row.
TRUE
The TRUE function returns the logical value TRUE. Use this function to return TRUE based on a condition.
For example:
IF(2=2,TRUE(), FALSE())returnsTRUEif the value 2 is equal to 2.
You can also enter the value TRUE directly into formulas without using the function.
For example:
IF(2=2,TRUE, FALSE)also returnsTRUEif the condition is met.
If the condition is not met, both examples return FALSE.
Syntax
Parameters
The TRUE function does not require any arguments.
Return value
The logical value that is set to TRUE.
Examples
Returns TRUE because the condition is always true.
TRUE
Returns the logical value TRUE.
TRUE
Returns TRUE when [IS_ACTIVE] equals 1; otherwise FALSE.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Shows that AND with TRUE() behaves like the other condition.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Always returns the then branch because the condition is always true.
Varies by row.
UPPER
The UPPER function converts text to uppercase.
Syntax
Parameters
"text"
The text, column or mocker you want to convert to uppercase. This can be a reference or a text string.
Return value
The text that is converted to uppercase.
Examples
Converts a literal string to uppercase.
"HELLO WORLD!"
Converts [ADDRESS] to uppercase per row.
Varies by row.
Converts a generated company email to uppercase.
Varies by row.
Normalizes [EMAIL] by lowercasing first, then uppercasing.
Varies by row.
Builds "STATE-#####" from state and a left-padded ZIP.
Varies by row (e.g., "MASSACHUSETTS-02134").
VAR
The VAR function calculates the variance based on a sample of a population.
VARassumes that its arguments represent a sample of the population. If your data represents the entire population, use theVARPfunction instead.Arguments can be numbers, names, arrays, or values that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers entered directly into the argument list are included in the calculation.
If an argument is an array, only the numbers within that array are considered; empty values, logical values, text, or error values in the array are ignored.
Arguments that contain error values or text that cannot be converted into numbers will cause the function to return an error.
If you want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in the calculation, use the
VARAfunction.
Syntax
Parameters
value1
The first number, column or mocker corresponding to a sample of a population.
value2, ... value30
Additional arguments corresponding to a sample of a population, up to 30 total arguments.
Return value
Variance of a sample.
Examples
Computes the sample variance of the provided literal values.
~714.23
Computes the sample variance across multiple numeric columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes the sample variance of a row value combined with constants.
Varies by row.
Computes sample variance across three columns, then rounds to 2 decimals.
Varies by row.
Computes the square root of the sample variance (i.e., sample standard deviation) of the provided values.
~15.811
VAR.P
The VAR.P function calculates the variance based on the entire population, ignoring logical values and text.
VAR.Passumes that its arguments represent the entire population. If your data represents only a sample of the population, use theVAR.Sfunction instead.Arguments can include numbers, names, arrays, or values that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers entered directly into the argument list are included in the calculation.
If an argument is an array, only the numbers within that array are considered; empty values, logical values, text, or error values are ignored.
Arguments that contain error values or text that cannot be converted into numbers will cause the function to return an error.
If you want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in the calculation, use the
VARPAfunction.
Syntax
Parameters
value1
The first number, column or mocker corresponding to the population.
value1, value2, ... value30
Additional arguments corresponding to the population, up to 30 total arguments.
Return value
Variance of a population.
Examples
Computes the population variance of the provided literal values.
~642.81
Computes the population variance across multiple numeric columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes the population variance across two columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes the population variance across three columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes population variance, then rounds to 2 decimals.
497.84
VAR.S
The VAR.S function estimates variance based on a sample, ignoring logical values and text.
VAR.Sassumes that its arguments represent a sample of the population. If your data represents the entire population, use theVAR.Pfunction instead.Arguments can include numbers, names, arrays, or values that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers entered directly into the argument list are included in the calculation.
If an argument is an array, only the numbers within that array are considered; empty values, logical values, text, or error values are ignored.
Arguments that contain error values or text that cannot be converted into numbers will cause the function to return an error.
If you want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in the calculation, use the
VARAfunction.
Syntax
Parameters
value1
The first number, column or mocker corresponding to a sample of the population.
value2, ... value30
Additional arguments corresponding to a sample of the population, up to 30 total arguments.
Return value
Variance of a sample.
Examples
Computes the sample variance of the provided literal values.
~714.23
Computes the sample variance across multiple numeric columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes the sample variance across three columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes the sample variance across three columns plus a constant 0 for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes sample variance, then rounds to 2 decimals.
622.30
VARA
The VARA function estimates variance based on a sample, considering numbers, text representations of numbers, and logical values.
VARAassumes that its arguments represent a sample of the population. If your data represents the entire population, use theVARPAfunction instead.Arguments can include numbers, names, arrays, text representations of numbers, or logical values such as
TRUEandFALSE.Logical values and text representations of numbers entered directly into the argument list are included in the calculation.
Arguments containing
TRUEevaluate as 1.Arguments containing text or
FALSEevaluate as 0.
If an argument is an array, only the values within that array are considered. Empty values and text within the array are ignored.
Arguments that contain error values or text that cannot be converted into numbers will cause the function to return an error.
If you do not want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in the calculation, use the
VARfunction.
Syntax
Parameters
value1, value2, ... value30
value1 is required, and subsequent values are optional. You can provide 1 to 30 values corresponding to a sample of the population.
Return value
Variance of a sample.
Examples
Computes sample variance, including any logical/text values (none in this example).
~714.23
Computes sample variance across multiple columns for each row, including any logical/text values.
Varies by row.
Computes sample variance including booleans and text numbers (TRUE=1, FALSE=0, "7"=7).
23
Computes sample variance including booleans and per-row flag columns.
Varies by row.
Computes VARA including booleans/text, then rounds to 2 decimals.
131.30
VARP
The VARP function calculates the variance based on the entire population.
VARPassumes that its arguments represent the entire population. If your data represents a sample of the population, use theVARfunction instead.Arguments can include numbers, names, arrays, or values that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers entered directly into the argument list are included in the calculation.
If an argument is an array, only the numbers within that array are considered; empty values, logical values, text, or error values in the array are ignored.
Arguments that contain error values or text that cannot be converted into numbers will cause the function to return an error.
If you want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in the calculation, use the
VARPAfunction.
Syntax
Parameters
value1
The first number, column or mocker corresponding to the population.
value2, ... value30
Additional arguments corresponding to the population, up to 30 total arguments.
Return value
Variance of a population.
Examples
Computes the population variance of the provided literal values.
~642.81
Computes the population variance across multiple numeric columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes the population variance across two columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes the population variance across three columns for each row.
Varies by row.
Computes population variance, then rounds to 2 decimals.
497.84
WEEKNUM
The WEEKNUM function returns the week number of a specific date. For example, the week containing January 1 is considered the first week of the year and is numbered as week 1.
Syntax
Parameters
date
A date, column or mocker within the week you want to identify. Dates should be entered using the DATE function or as the result of other formulas or functions. Entering dates as text may cause errors.
[return_type]
A number that determines which day of the week the week starts on. The default value is 1 (where Sunday is the first day of the week).
Return value
The week number in the year.
Examples
Returns the week number for a literal date string.
A week number (locale dependent).
Returns the week number for [BIRTHDATE] per row.
Varies by row.
Returns the week number for Jan 1, 2024 with Monday as the week start (return_type=2).
1 (depending on week-numbering rules).
Returns the current week number.
Varies by run date.
Shifts [ORDER_DATE] by 7 days, then returns week number with Monday as week start.
Varies by row.
XOR
The XOR function returns a logical Exclusive Or (XOR) of all the provided arguments.
The arguments must evaluate to logical values such as
TRUEorFALSE, or be in arrays or references that contain logical values.If an array or reference argument contains text or empty cells, those values are ignored.
If the specified range contains no logical values,
XORreturns the#VALUE!error.You can use an XOR array formula to check if a value occurs in an array.
The result of
XORisTRUEwhen the number ofTRUEinputs is odd andFALSEwhen the number ofTRUEinputs is even.
Syntax
Parameters
Logicalvalue1, Logicalvalue2 ... Logicalvalue30
Logical1 is required, and subsequent logical values are optional. You can provide 1 to 30 conditions to test, which can be either TRUE or FALSE, and can include logical values, arrays, or references.
Return value
TRUE if an odd number of arguments evaluates to TRUE.
Examples
Returns TRUE when an odd number of conditions are true.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Computes XOR for two literal booleans.
TRUE
Returns TRUE when 1 or 3 of the flags are true.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
Labels rows where exactly one of two flags is set.
Either "exactly_one" or "zero_or_two" per row.
Computes XOR of two composite logical expressions.
TRUE or FALSE per row.
YEAR
The YEAR function returns the year corresponding to a given date as an integer between 1900 and 9999. The values returned by the YEAR, MONTH, and DAY functions will be Gregorian values, regardless of the display format for the supplied date.
Syntax
Parameters
number
The date, column or mocker for which you want to extract the year. Dates should be entered using the DATE function or as the result of other formulas or functions. Entering dates as text may cause errors.
Return value
The year as a number according to the internal calculation rules.
Examples
Extracts the year from a literal date string.
2012 (locale dependent).
Extracts the year from [BIRTHDATE] per row.
Varies by row.
Extracts the year from a constructed date.
2024
Extracts the current year.
Varies by run date.
Labels orders before 2000 as legacy.
Either "legacy" or "modern" per row.
Info: The below functions are planned to be introduced in the future releases of Syntho.
Planned Functions for future releases
STDEV
Returns standard deviation of a sample. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
STDEV(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
STDEV.P
Returns standard deviation of a population. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
STDEV.P(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
STDEV.S
Returns standard deviation of a sample. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
STDEV.S(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
STDEVA
Returns standard deviation of a sample. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
STDEVA(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
STDEVP
Returns standard deviation of a population. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
STDEVP(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
STDEVPA
Returns standard deviation of a population. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
STDEVPA(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
MAX
Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
MAX(Number1, Number2, ... Number30)
MAXA
Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
MAXA(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
MEDIAN
Returns the median of a set of numbers. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
MEDIAN(Number1, Number2, ... Number30)
MIN
Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
MIN(Number1, Number2, ... Number30)
MINA
Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments. When used with column names, the value is calculated anew for each row.
MINA(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
COUNT
Counts how many numbers are in the list of arguments.
COUNT(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
COUNTA
Counts how many values are in the list of arguments.
COUNTA(Value1, Value2, ... Value30)
COUNTBLANK
Returns the number of empty cells.
COUNTBLANK(Range)
IFNA
Returns the value if the cell does not contain the #N/A (value not available) error value, or the alternative value if it does.
IFNA(Value, Alternate_value)
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